Tree Weaver

Birch trees adjust their stem thickness to support their weight.

Trees are known for their great, but not unlimited, trunk height and diameter. They have evolved to develop a heavy above-ground biomass, but this integral feature poses a challenge to the trunk’s stability. Despite its evident importance, the principle by which plant stems respond to their increasing weight remains unknown. To address this question, a theory of “vertical proprioception”, a mechanism that balances the radial growth of the stem with the weight increase, has been developed.

To study the theory, researchers at the University of Helsinki, University of Cambridge and Natural Resources Institute Finland manipulated the aerial weight of downy birch (Betula pubescens). The authors observed that the tree was indeed able to adjust its stem radial growth in response to the added weight, and the strength of this response varied along the length of the stem. Furthermore, a degree of lateral stem movement was required for this response: static trees did not grow as thick as free-moving ones.

“Even though the idea of plants sensing their own weight and thickening their stem accordingly sounds intuitive, our study is the first one to address this question in trees”, says Juan Alonso-Serra from the Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences.

One approach to understand how this weight-sensing mechanism works is by comparing normal plants with plants lacking this ability. The researchers took advantage of a naturally occurring birch mutant named elimäki. This exceptional tree grows upright for three months, after which its stem suddenly bends at the very base, and the whole tree collapses.

The researchers showed that, unlike normal trees, elimäki trees fail to properly adjust their width to their increasing weight, which makes them less stable mechanically. According to the researchers, the lack of a proper response in elimäki trees is linked to a single position (locus) in the birch genome, enabling the future identification of the mutated gene.

Birch is an ex­cel­lent model tree

The use of mutant trees was a key part of the project. In most plant models, such as Arabidopsis, genetic studies are feasible because a new generation can be produced within months, whereas the same typically takes decades with trees.

However, birches are exceptional as they are the among the few tree species where flowering can be induced already at six months’ age. This provides a unique opportunity to address basic and applied questions concerning the life and development of trees.

More information: Alonso Serra, J. A et al. (Accepted/In press). ELIMÄKI locus is required for vertical proprioceptive response in birch trees. Current Biology.
Jan 20 2020.

🍀”And the people stayed home. And read books, and listened, and rested, and exercised, and made art, and played games, and grew gardens full of fresh food, and learned new ways of being, and were still. And listened more deeply. Some meditated, some prayed, some danced. Some met their shadows. And the people began to think differently.

And the people healed. And, in the absence of people living in ignorant, dangerous, mindless, and heartless ways, the earth began to heal.

“And when the danger passed, and the people joined together again, they grieved their losses, and made new choices, and dreamed new images, and created new ways to live and heal the earth fully, as they had been healed.”🍀

~Kitty O’Meara 1839 – 1888
Irish-French Catholic Author

This is a time to console, not to condemn.
This is a time for grace, not criticism. This is a time to sing, not to curse. This is a time to heal, not to anger. This is a time for love, not to hate.
This is a time to be kind, not to be mean. This is a time to be generous, not to hoard. This is a time for warmth, not to be cold. This is a time to be the change, not to stay the course. This is a time for deep rest, not for heavy stress. This is a time to come together, not withdraw. This is a time to give thanks, not to dread. We are the stewards of an abundant Creation, no more weary fools of illusory separation.

I’m here with you and for you. Let go. Allow. Embrace the shift. Together we stand.

Because I love you so much ~ Sean J Kennedy.

HAPPY SPRING EQUINOX!

The beauty of the trees,
the softness of the air,
the fragrance of the grass,
speaks to me.

The summit of the mountain,
the thunder of the sky,
the rhythm of the sea,
speaks to me.

The faintness of the stars,
the freshness of the morning,
the dew drop on the flower,
speaks to me.

The strength of fire,
the taste of salmon,
the trail of the sun,
and the life that never goes away,
They speak to me.

And my heart soars.

-Chief Dan George

As birds busy themselves with rearing young, we take a look at 8 birds and consider how they construct their nests.

A century ago, it would have been difficult to find a country lad who didn’t know the difference between a song thrush’s nest and that of a blackbird or who couldn’t tell you where best to look to find a clutch of sky-blue hedge-sparrow eggs.Here we reveal how to identify bird nests:

Blackbird
Hen blackbirds, rather than the cocks, usually choose the location for their nest and, although trees or bushes are the favourites, nests in sheds or buildings are not unusual. Among the more bizarre sites recorded are the engine of a parked aircraft and even a tractor in constant use. One nest was found 100ft high in an Edinburgh sycamore.The nest itself is a substantial cup, typically made from dry grasses, roots, stalks, moss and mud, but it’s not unusual for sweet papers or pieces of string to be included. The cup itself is lined with dry grasses. If you watch a hen blackbird building her nest, you’ll find she shapes it with her breast, pulling loose grasses down towards her.

Wren
When it comes to enthusiasm for nest building, few birds can rival the cock wren. Every spring, he builds a number of neat, domed nests, each one made of moss, dry grass and dead leaves, sometimes with a little bracken. These are generally known as false or cock nests, for the hen will eventually select the one she likes and she takes sole responsibility for lining the nest chamber with feathers, resisting any offers of help from her mate.
The wren may use the same nest for repeat broods, although it may well be employed again in the winter for roosting. Because of their small size, wrens struggle to maintain body heat during a winter night and often roost communally.

Osprey
Few birds are as site-faithful as ospreys—established pairs almost always return to their old nest, year after year. The nests themselves are often huge, the result of decades of annual additions. At the peak of nest-building, a pair may make more than 100 trips a day, bringing in sticks and branches. As egg-laying approaches, the birds will bring softer materials, such as grasses or even seaweed, to line the nest. Typically, osprey eyries are located in exposed sites where they’re subject to gale-force winds, so their stability depends on their size and weight. Although a typical Scottish osprey eyrie will be on a large, flat-topped pine tree, these birds are quick to adopt nesting platforms provided for them.

Reed Warbler
In recent years, we’ve unravelled numerous mysteries of the bird world, such as the migration route of the cuckoo (revealed by satellite tagging). However, many still remain, such as how the cock reed warbler manages to wind the very first blade of grass around the three to five reed stems that will eventually support his woven nest.
A finished reed-warbler nest is a beautifully woven basket of long, dried grasses, lined with hairs or similarly fine materials. It’s a deep and comfortable cup and, here, the clutch of four or five eggs will be laid. Many cuckoos start their life in reed-warbler nests, as the reed warbler is a favoured host.

Song Thrush
In size and construction, even choice of site, the nest of the song thrush is much like that of the blackbird. There is, however, one major difference. The song thrush invariably includes a smooth lining, made from a mixture of mud, clay, cow dung (if available) and rotten wood, mixed with saliva, forming a hard, cork-like base. Building such a nest is a lengthy business: most of the work falls to the female, although sometimes with a little help from her mate.
The first nest of the year may take two weeks or more to build, but those made later in the season are often put together much more quickly, with a corresponding loss in quality. However, song thrushes will reuse the original nest for subsequent broods. In North-Eastern Europe, old song-thrush nests provide the favoured nest site for green sandpipers.

Swallow and House Martin.Both swallows and martins make their nests from mud pellets, cemented with the bird’s saliva, but although the martin’s nest is a domed construction, built under a ledge, gable or overhang, that of the swallow is an open cup, typically situated on a shelf or beam in a barn or building. Dry springs are a problem for both species: if mud is unavailable, building is impossible. When the mud quality is poor, it often results in the nest collapsing later in the season.

Constructing the nest is labour intensive, with as many as 1,200 journeys needed; most of the work takes place between 6am and 8am, allowing the mud to harden during the day. Both species will adopt artificial nests—a pair of swallows nests in my cart lodge every year, using an artificial nest, usually rearing two broods of five.

Long-tailed tit
According to W. H. Hudson, writing in his classic British Birds (1895), ‘the nest of the long-tailed titmouse is a marvel of bird architecture: a domed oval composed of moss, lichens, and hair closely felted, and the interior thickly lined with feathers. [Victorian ornithologist William] McGillivray says that the feathers from one nest numbered 2,379.’

Long-tailed tits start breeding early in the spring, building among brambles, in gorse or lichen-covered thorn bushes in which the nests are difficult to find. The nests are rarely more than a few feet off the ground. Amusingly, you can spot incubating females because continually squeezing into the confined space of the nest causes their tails to bend and become misshapen

Buzzard
Large, bulky and often conspicuous, the nest of the buzzard is an elaborate affair. The basic nest is made from stout sticks and includes a wide platform around the shallow, lined cup in the centre. The platform allows for the fact that the young buzzards will be in the nest for 6–7 weeks after hatching, giving them plenty of room to move around.

What sets the buzzard apart from other raptors is the birds’ habit of decorating their nest with freshly picked foliage, although some individuals are much keener on such embellishments than others. Anything from sprays of rowan leaves to young fronds
of bracken may be used.

Leaping metres between branches, above a vast descent to the forest floor, a pine marten navigates the tree canopy. As expert climbers, pine martens rely on forest cover for their foraging missions and to escape predation from foxes. Elusive in part due to their crepuscular nature, being active at dusk and dawn, they are rarely seen.Pine martens (Martes martes) are a member of the mustelid family along with stoats, weasels, polecats, badgers and otters. As native omnivores, they play an important role in the balance of woodland ecosystems and feed on what is seasonally abundant, including voles, rabbits, fungi, berries and small birds. Despite their name, martens are equally at home in broadleaf woodland as well as coniferous forest. Agile creatures, they have a long body and a bushy tail with rich brown fur and a distinctive cream or yellow throat patch called a ‘bib’. These charismatic creatures were once one of our most common predators. But by the late 18th century their numbers began to decline dramatically.Pine martens were heavily hunted. Throughout the 19th century they were shot for sport, persecuted by Victorian gamekeepers and killed for their fur. The habitat pine martens depend on for their arboreal life also drastically disappeared. By 1900, 95% of the woodland cover in Britain had been removed. The pine marten quickly became one of Britain’s rarest predators and considered functionally extinct in England.

Hope for the pine marten
Despite near extinction, the species hung on in remote corners of Britain. Over the second half of the 20th century, Scottish pine marten populations grew and legal protection and conservation efforts saw the species achieve a significant recovery with a healthy population of over 4,000 individuals. But south of the border the species remained all but absent, apart from a handful in northern England and Wales.Over the last century, woodland cover has doubled in England. We have planted over one billion trees, creating new forests and harvesting sustainable timber to maintain healthy and diverse woodlands. With the breeding success in Scotland and woodland cover returning, many felt it could only be a matter of time before the pine marten population spread over the border.In summer 2015 the first conclusive sighting of a pine marten in England in over 100 years was captured on camera near the Welsh border in Shropshire. Work was also already underway to boost the remnant population in Wales. During autumn, 20 martens were translocated under license from Scotland. By 2017 a total of 51 pine martens had been released in mid-Wales.

Return to the nation’s forests
In summer 2017 an exciting development occurred. A male pine marten was captured on a wildlife camera on Forestry England land in the North York Moors through the Yorkshire Pine Marten Project, a partnership project run with NatureSpy.Forestry England ecologist Cath Bashforth was delighted:“It was great news to have a confirmed sighting of pine marten. Supporting the Yorkshire Pine Marten Project has been exciting and to finally discover they are living within our forests after so many years was fantastic.”The following year in October 2018, camera trap images confirmed a pine marten in a remote area of Kielder Forest for the first time since tree planting began in 1926. This was evidence that the pine marten was recolonising northern England, putting pine martens back in Northumberland.Forestry England ecologist Tom Dearnley explains:”As Kielder Forest nears 100 years in age, it is increasingly being colonised by rare and protected species. Pine marten returning to England over the Scottish border has been anticipated for some time, encouraged by the efforts we are making to create ecologically diverse forests. We are delighted to see photographic evidence of their return in a forest valued by so many people.”On the other end of England, down in the New Forest we also had reports of individual pine martens caught on camera traps set up to look at birdlife. Senior ecologist for south England, Leanne Sargeant says:“We hope to monitor some of these outlier populations to see where they could have spread from. It is so important to have populations that are able to link with others in order to ensure good genetic diversity.”

Relationship with red squirrels
The images of pine marten in Kielder were captured on cameras set up to monitor red squirrel numbers in the forest. Kielder is England’s largest forest and a stronghold for our native red squirrels. Collaborating with the Vincent Wildlife Trust and Red Squirrels Northern England, we are now collecting data in the largest survey of pine martens and red squirrels ever carried out in Kielder to find out more about the distribution of these rare species.The introduction of the grey squirrels from North America has been a major factor in the native red squirrel’s decline over the past century. As well as out-competing red squirrels for food, non-native grey squirrels carry the squirrel pox virus, which is deadly to the reds.Evidence in some areas where pine marten numbers are recovering shows there is a decline in greys; good news for the reds. This would also be good news for forests too. Grey squirrels cause damage and kill trees such as oak, beech and sycamore by stripping their bark. Predators are a vital part of a healthy woodland ecosystem and we’ll be monitoring the impact of pine martens in our forests. If martens are found to be lowering numbers in greys then there may be a future for red squirrels in areas where we have previously lost them.

Giving nature a helping hand
While northern England has some chance of slowly recovering from the expansion of the Scottish population, dense urban areas, road networks and a lack of connectivity between woodlands mean it is unlikely to ever reach southern parts. It was time for action, to give this important part of the woodland ecosystem a helping hand in returning to England.A number of Forestry England sites were studied for suitability and it was decided that the Forest of Dean was an ideal location for a reintroduction due to the mixed woodland and proximity to the Welsh population. In summer 2016 we teamed up with Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust and Vincent Wildlife Trust and, with support from Forest Holidays and the Woodland Trust, we began a collaborative project investigating the feasibility of reintroducing pine martens to the Forest of Dean. The project was led by Dr Andrew Stringer, now Forestry England’s Head of Environment & Forest Planning.

After three years of research and feasibility studies, and extensive consultations with people living in the area, the release was given the go-ahead. In September 2019, after being absent in the area for over a century, 18 pine martens were moved from a healthy population in Scotland to a location in the Forest of Dean. The martens were kept in release pens for a few days to allow them to acclimatise to their new surroundings so that the team could monitor their progress. They were fitted with tracking collars before being successfully released into the forest.Now four months into the project, pine marten radio-tracking is giving us a valuable insight into the movements of the pine martens. Rebecca Wilson, Planning and Environment Manager in West England, explains:“Although the majority of the population have settled into territories within the Forest of Dean and the Wye Valley woodlands, a few pine martens have adventured further afield into woodlands to the north. This demonstrates that there is plentiful habitat within the release area but that good connectivity, via hedgerows and woodland, is allowing the pine martens to move into new landscapes. An exciting start to the project!”

What next for pine martens in England’s forests?
The Forest of Dean pine martens will continue to be monitored and over the next two years more will be released to allow a population to establish in the region. In time, it is hoped they will spread and link up with the Welsh pine martens so their numbers can support one another.We also continue to work with partners to monitor the populations in Kielder Forest. Our staff and 16 volunteers installed 58 cameras for the survey, which was completed at the end of 2019. Volunteer co-ordinator Christina Taylor explains:Thanks to the support of partners, volunteers and Forestry England staff we were able to cover a large area of Kielder Forest. The information we have gained will be invaluable in guiding our work in future – not just for the benefit of pine marten but for other species, such as red squirrel.The survey recorded one individual and unique markings on its bib suggest it is the same pine marten spotted before in another part of Kielder Forest. Next steps are to carry out a more focussed survey to discover whether there are others living in the area.In Yorkshire, we also continue to work with NatureSpy to find out more about the population there, with over 50 trail cameras out monitoring wildlife and 25 volunteers involved. The project will see the installation of several den boxes across our Yorkshire forests.Connected woodland for species like pine marten is invaluable. We are making sure our forests, and all wildlife that depends on them, have the best chance in the future. We’re continuing to join up woodlands across the landscape to make bigger areas of forest for wildlife to thrive.Dr Andrew Stringer sums up:“Restoring missing pieces of an ecosystem can be valuable not only for the conservation of the species themselves, but also for the benefit they can have on other wildlife. When we return a native predator species, we are helping to restore the entire woodland ecosystem. What could be better than to re-establish a species in a place where human activity caused it to go extinct?”The future looks bright for the pine marten. These charming mammals could become a familiar feature in the nation’s forests once again.

Reference: https://www.forestryengland.uk/blog/the-return-pine-martens-englands-forests

Reference: John Railton on Facebook

This is the first full-length shot of “The President” – the biggest tree on earth.
It’s in Sequoia National Park, 3,200 years old and 247 feet tall.
The portrait was taken by National Geographic, and it’s actually a mosaic, made up of 126 photographs in order to capture the whole thing.
The President is not the tallest tree in the world – that honor goes to a California redwood, which stands 379 feet (116 meters) tall – but in terms of mass, it’s the largest.
….To give you some perspective, that tiny red dot at the bottom on the left is a person!

The President

*🌳* Holly tree banner *🌳*

This is the 6th banner of my Tree Wisdom banner series! I am super happy to be working with tree energies in this way and see this project slowly taking shape.

I get many teachings from each tree. I intend to publish a tree card deck and offer workshops on working with trees as spiritual allies, at some point.

Different size cotton banners of my tree art can already be ordered now.

In this post, I want to share a little bit about the insights I got from working with Holly. I have connected with Holly in the past, so this is not my first experience, but the continuation of a quest.

Just a few days after I finished the Yew Tree banner (which took me two months to complete) I walked past a Holly tree on Dartmoor and it “gave” me the whole image of its banner as I walked past. I didn’t even have to ask for it! I just saw it in full detail, as a vision floating in front of me, as I carried on walking.

I laughed at myself. Slightly confused I thought: “surely trees want me to sit down and meditate with them”.
But NO! Not Holly.

Back home I use intuitive journaling to establish a deeper communication with the spirit of Holly and he kept communicating in a refreshingly straight forward way.

She basically said:
“I am Holly. I protect myself effortlessly. It’s natural to me and I am unashamed of my spikes. Nobody eats my leafs or walks into me without feeling my edge. Edges are parts of life. This is my message for you. Here is the banner, now just get on with it!”

Within a week, I create the whole banner, feeling energised by the creative fire of Holly. She showed me how to come to terms with the cold, spiky and hostile side of reality. Without judgment, all aspects of Nature are simply life force and can be met skillfully.

Have you heard of Wim Hof, the iceman? He exposes himself to extreme cold for long periods to understand how his body and mind work. Holly has a very similar attitude! A true warrior quality, a strong inner fire, an edge that meets life with intensity and vitality.

The Holly thrives in Wintertime. It likes the cold and dark and is, therefore, a powerful ally for psychological shadow work. It can bring the fire of transformation into the dark places inside of us, melt the frozen memories of trauma and get the stuck energies flowing again.
Especially for questions and healing related to anger and boundaries, standing up for oneself and being unapologetic, the Holly can become a great ally.

If you have connected with Holly before, I would like to read your comment on how you experience this magical tree.

Feel free to share this post.
Green blessings!

Yannick
🙋‍♂️🌳💚

Reference: forestheart.co.uk

https://www.etsy.com/shop/forestheartart2